Physiological, Developmental, and Biomarker Responses of Zebrafish Embryos to Sub-Lethal Exposure of Bendiocarb

Bendiocarb is a broad-spectrum insecticide recommended for malaria control by the World Health Organization (WHO). Still, bendiocarb poses toxic risk to populations of nontargeted aquatic organisms. Thus, our study was aimed evaluate sub-lethal effects exposure on zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos assessing physiological, developmental, and biochemical parameters. Bendiocarb-induced adverse embryonic development, larval growth, heart rate, changes in phase II detoxifying enzyme glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity, oxidative stress-related activities (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT)), damage-linked biomarker lipid peroxidation (LPO) early life stage were investigated. Our results highlight that selected nonlethal concentrations (96 h median lethal concentration this 32.52 mg/L−1) inflicted resulting embryo deformities EC50 = 2.30 mg L−1), reduced body- notochord length (above 0.75 0.39 L−1 at 96 hpf, respectively), stress, altered rate 0.4 48 hpf) studied model system.